
ÿş     "# ____IV - V____.



             1.@ & ,   &   +.



     ! 2>F0@5=85< >=AB0=B8=0 5;8:>3> ( 324 3.) 7025@H8;AO  >=8-

:59A:89 ?5@8>4 8AB>@88 &5@:28 8  =0G0;AO  =>2K9,  3>AC40@AB25==K9

?5@8>4 Q 8AB>@88.

      >=AB0=B8=0 5;8:>3> =07K20NB ?5@2K< E@8AB80=A:8< 8-

@><. -B> 8 B0: 8 =5 B0:. 1> :@5I5=85, :>B>@>5 >4=> @>6405B G5;>-

25:0 2 &5@:28, >= ?@8=O; ;8HL =0 ?>@>35 A<5@B8  8  >B  0@80=A:>3>

5?8A:>?0. 5@0 2> %@8AB0 ?@8H;0 : =52L,  0  1K;0

2>A?@8=OB0 "?> ?@>B5AB0=BA:8", ;8G=>, =0:0=C=5  @5H0NI53>  A@065-

=8O.  MB> ;8G=>5, 2=5F5@:>2=>5  871@0==8G5AB2>  A@07C  ?>AB028;>

53> =04 &5@:>2LN, 0 A>740==CN 8< 845;0;> 2B>@K<  (=0@O4C

A &5@:>2LN) "A2OI5==K< F0@AB2><".

     "0: "F0@AB2> :5A0@O" (=0G0;> 3>AC40@AB25==>5)  AB0;>  CB25@-

640BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 =0G0;0 @5;838>7=>3>.  2 MB>< 2AQ  42CA5 A2>5>1@0785 70@>640NI59AO 870=B88. <5==> A IV  2.  A>7=0=85

=57028A8<>AB8 &5@:28 >B 3>AC40@AB20, 5Q 8=>?@8@>4=>ABL  ?5@5AB0;0

A>7=020BLAO 8 MB8 420 ?@8=F8?80;L=> @07=KE =0G0;0 1KAB@>  A;8;8AL

2 >4=>.

      "5?5@L =04> 1K;> A=0G0;0 ?>4G8=8BLAO  :5A0@N,  GB>1K  AB0BL

>688<. "5, :B> A ?@>B828;AO MB>F5AAC  2K=C645=K  1K;8

1560BL 2 ?CABK=8. AB02H85AO >AB0;8AL C65 =5 AB>;L:> "G040<8  >-

688<8" A:>;L:> ?>40==K<8 E@8AB80=A:>9 8:070;0AL

;8HL >4=>9 87 3@0640=A:8E >1O70==>AB59 (70G0ABCN  =5  <5=55  D>@-

<0;L=>9, G5< >AB0;L=K5).

     -B> @57:> <5=O;> 2A5 ?@56=85 F5@:>2=K5 CAB0=>2:8.  0G8=0;AO

?5@5E>4 : =>2>9 ?0@0483<5 - 3>AC40@AB25==>9. 7<5=O;>AL A0<> A>7-

=0=85 ;N459 8 A>>B25BAB25==> 87<5=O;>AL A0<>A>7=0=85 &5@:28.  -B8

87<5=5=8O 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L :>A=C;8AL D83C@K @83>  8@0,

2=570?=> AB02H53> E@8AB80=A:8< <>=0@E><.

     0: =0@E8O 8<55B @5;838>7=>5  ?@>8AE>645=85,  =>

=5 E@8AB80=A:>5, 0 O7KG5A:>5 (@. 38?5B, @.  >AB>:,   8<).  0

2AQ< @52=5< >AB>:5 F0@L CAK=>2;O;AO  >3C  (C  :8B09F52  ?@O<>:

"AK= =510") 8 >BAN40 1K; 70820= 25BE>7025B=K9 >1@O4  F0@A:>-

3> ?><070=8O (A<. ..  59=15@3  "'5;>25:  2  :C;LBC@5  4@52=53>

;86=53> >AB>:0", ., 1986 3., A. 125-126).

      >=AB0=B8= 1K; ?@O< 8:;5B80=0  8  2>A-

B>G=>3> 1>65AB25==>3> 45A?>B87<0.  <0AA>2>< A>7=0=88 >= 1K;  1>-

65AB2>< 8 ?> A<5@B8 1K; ?@8GBQ= : ;8:C >D8F80;L=KE 1>65AB2  3>AC-

40@AB20. &5@:>2L  ?>?KB0;0AL  2K@20BL  8=8F80B82C,  :0=>=878@>202

>=AB0=B8=0.

      0G8=0O A  457 3. ;LA:85 ?0B@80@E8 AB0;8 CG0AB2>20BL 2 :>-

@>=0F88 8@>2.  70B5< (=0G8=0O A 80==0  &8<8AE8O  =0

>AB>:5 8 A 0@;0 5;8:>3> =0  0?045),  2  G8=  :>@>=0F88  AB0;0

2:;NG0BLAO 8 ?@0:B8:0 F0@A:>3> <8@>?><070=8O.

     &0@A:>5 <8@>?><070=85 1K;> 7=0:>< B>3>, GB> :>@>=0F8O A>25@-

H5=0 A A>3;0A8O &5@:28, 2:;NG5=0 2 >1I89  E>4  @>68O  8

B.4. ".5. MB> 1K; A2OI5==K9 >1@O4 (A@>4=8 0?>AB>;LA:>A;>-

25=8N G5@57 2>7;>65=85 @C:), =>, :>=5G=>, =5 B08=AB2>  (81>  &5@-

:>2L 7=05B B>;L:> 7 B08=AB2 8 <8@>?><070=85, :0: 8 :@5I5=85,  =5-

?>2B>@8<>). <5==> >B>645AB2;5=85 F0@A:>3> <8@>?><070=8O A  B08=-

AB2>< ?>@>48;> >H81>G=CN B5>@8N ?0B@80@E0  >;852:B0  (+  970  ),

A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 8@, :0:  70=>2>  :@5IQ=K9,  >G8I05BAO  >B

2A5E ?@56=8E 3@5E>2 (4065 C189AB20 ?@54H5AB25==8:0!).

      XII 25:5 8725AB=K9  :0=>=8AB  0;LA><>=  @0728;  MBC  B.=.

"B5>@8N 8-3> B08=AB20", "=5 157 :>@KAB=KE F5;59 ?@8?8A02  F0@A:>-

?><070=8N =5 B>;L:> A2>9AB20 :@5I5=8O, => 4065 8 0@E85@59-

A:>9 E8@>B>=88.  >1>A=>20; =0 MB>< ?@020 8@0, :0: 25@E>2-

=>3> ?5@2>A2OI5==8:0". (A<. "5AB=8: 5=.  CE.  :045<88",  N°1,

AB@. 113).



     AQ A:070==>5 >B=>A8BAO C65 : B5>@88  "2>AB>G=>3>  F570@>?0-

?87<0", :>B>@0O ?@8H;0 87 870=B88 =0  CAL 2 XV 25:5,  0:BC0;878-

@>20;0AL 745AL 2 2845 B5>@88 ">A:2K-"@5BL53>  8<0" 8 ?@0:B8G5A:8

>ACI5AB28;0AL 2 2845 B.=. !8=>40;L=>3> ?5@8>40. !B02  >D8F80;L=K<

3;02>9 &5@:28 (D>@<0;L=> A  02;0  I),  A0<>45@65F,  5AB5AB25==>,

4>;65= 1K; =87;>68BL 5Q 70:>==>3> 2>73;028B5;O (B.5. ?0B@80@E0) 8

C=8GB>68BL 5Q A>1>@=CN ?@8@>4C.

      "0: >=> 8 ?@>87>H;>. >A;5 ?>A;54=53> ?0B@80@E0 4@80=0 !>-

1>@K =0  CA8 =5 A>18@0;8AL 4> 1917 3. !>1>@ 1917-18 33. 2>AAB0=>-

28; ?0B@80@H5AB2>, C70:>=82 B.>. 8AB>@8G5A:89 @07@K2  <564C  @0-

2>A;0285< 8 A0<>45@60285<. > A59G0A MB8 420 =0G0;0  A=>20  >B>6-

45AB2;ONBAO 8 5@5AL 8-3> B08=AB20 A=>20 2>72>48BAO 2 4>3<0B.



     !;54C5B ?><=8BL, >4=0:>, GB> B5>@8O "2>AB>G=>3> F570@>?0?87-

<0" ("?@02>A;02=>3> <>=0@E87<0") >D>@<8;0AL  G@572KG09=>  ?>74=>:

"> 2A59 E@8AB80=A:>9 ?8AL<5==>AB8 M?>E8 A5;5=A:8E  !>1>@>2  =5B

=8 <0;59H8E A;54>2 55 ACI5AB2>20=8O" ("0< 65, AB@. 112).  4=0:>,

:>@=8 5Q CE>4OB 2 IV - V 25:0 8   :>A=C;8AL  MB>3>

2>?@>A0.

      K C2845;8, :0: <0;>?>=OB=0O ;8BC@38G5A:0O F5@5<>=8O ("F0@-

A:>5 <8@>?><070=85") G5@57 A2>Q A8<2>;8G5A:>5 >A2K9 4>3<0B. >;55 5AB5AB25=5= >1@0B=K9 ?@>F5AA -  A8<-

2>;8G5A:>5 >B>1@065=85 =>2>3> 4>3<0B0 G5@57  ;8BC@38G5A:89  >1@O4

8;8 ?@074=8:. > >10 ?@>F5AA0 >48=0:>2> E0@0:B5@=K 4;O  2870=B89-

A:>3> A8<2>;87<0.



    2. @!# !" % !" ",!"   !!"/.



     #65 =0 A;54CNIB9 3>4 ?>A;5 8:59A:>3> !>1>@0 (B.5. 2  326 3.)

F0@8F0 ;5=0 >1@5;0 2 5@CA0;8<5 @5AB >A?>45=L, 0 ?>B>< 8 @>1,

8 8D;55=-

AB0=B8= 5;8:89 >A2OB8; =04 >;3>D>9 8  @>1><  >3@><=K9  E@0<  2

G5ABL >A:@5A5=8O %@8AB>20 (2 ?01 MB><  A8E ?>@  ?@07-

4=C5< ">A:@5A5=85 !;>2CI55"  13/26 A5=B.). A53> 65 >=AB0=B8=  8

;5=0 ?>AB@>8;8 =0 A22. <5AB0E 1>;55 80-B8 E@0<>2!

     !0< ?> A515 B0:>9 27@K2 3>AC40@AB25==>3>  E@0<>AB@>8B5;LAB20

>G5=L ?>:070B5;5=. !B>8B A@02=8BL 53> A  ?@54H5AB2CNI8<  >=8:59-

A:8< ?5@8>4><, :>340 A0<> 740=85 =5 83@0;> ACI5AB25==>9 @>;8, ?>-

B> ?5@2>E@8AB80=A:0O F5@:>2L MB>  -  >1I8=025@CNI8E.  @8

>=AB0=B8=5 F5@:>2L B5@O5B MB>B M::;578>;>38G5A:89 A1@5B05B A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 7=0G5=85, :0: A2OI5==>5 740=85  (A2O-

B8;8I5). <5;>AL 420 2840 ?>4>1=KE E@0<>2:

     1. b >B>=40(8;8  "3@>>=") - :@C3;K9  A>  A2>4G0BK<  :C?>;><

E@0<-?01=8F59 35@>O (0 ?>B>< - 4>1=K9 @54:89 B8?  E@0<0-@>B>=4K  -  "@>8F:0O  F5@:>2L

"C;8G0 8 0AE8" 0@E8B5:B>@0 L2>20.

     2. b078;8:0 - ?@O<>C3>;L=>5  >1I5AB25==>5    740=85,    @07-

45;Q==>5 =0 =5DK @O40<8 :>;>==,  ?@5=07=0G05<>5  4;O  >D8F80;L=KE

3>AC40@AB25==KE A>1@0=89 8 @82.

     =B5@5A=>, GB>  C65  2  :>=AB0=B8=>2A:><  E@0<5  >A:@5A5=8O

%@8AB>20 @>B>=40 1K;0 >1J548=5=0 A 1078;8:>9, B.5. 70;>65=0 >A=>-

20 4;O E@0<>2 ?>A;54CNI53> 2@5<5=8. G5=L 206=>, GB> C65  A  :>=-

AB0=B8=>2A:>9 M?>E8 =0G8=05BAO 2870=B89A:89 A8<2>;87< E@0<0, 2>7-

=8:05B >A>1>5 ;8BC@38G5A:>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, ?>;=>5 A0:@0;L=KE A2. -B0 A0:@0;870F8O ?@>AB@0=AB20 ?@>O2;O5BAO  8  2  =0?@O6Q==><

8=B5@5A5 : "A2OI5==>9 B>?>3@0D88". !=0G0;0 2 5@CA0;8<5, 0  70B5<

8 2  8<5 22>48BAO :C;LB A22. <5AB (@>1 >A?>45=L,  3@>1=8F0  0?.

5B@0 =0 0B8:0=A:>< E>;<5), :>B>@K5 >:@C65=K  A?5F80;L=K<  @5;8-

38>7=K< ?>G8B0=85<.

     -B0 ;>:0;870F8O 8 <0B5@80;870F8O A2OI5==>3>, G@572KG09=> ?>-

:070B5;L=0 8<5==> 4;O 3>AC40@AB25==>3> :C;LB0, 2 :>B>@K9  ?@52@0-

I05BAO E@8AB80=AB2>. "0<, 345 =5B 3@>1=8FK 0?>AB>;0 8;8 1@5B5=8N 8;8 ?5@5=5A5=8N <>I59.  0:>-

=5F, 2>7=8:05B 845O "A2OI5==>3> 3@040" ;O, <8AB8G5A:8  A>A@54>-

B>G5==>3> 2>:@C3 F5=B@0;L3> E@0<0 ( A=0G0;0 - MB> E@0< ?>AB>;>2,

70B5< - !2. !>D8O).

      07C<55BAO, 2A5 MB8 87<5=5=8O 4>;6=K 1K;8 A:070BLAO 8 =0 A0-

<>< E@0<>2>< 1>3>A;C65=88.  A;8  ?5@2>E@8AB80=A:>5  1>3>A;C65=85

1K;> A>A@54>B>G5=> =0 2E0@8AB88, ;8H5=> 2AO:>9 ?>@65A-

B25==>AB8, B> 2 ?KH=KE 3>AC40@AB25==KE 1078;8:0E 8 A0<>  1>3>A;C-

65=85 ?@8>1@5B05B 3>AC40@AB25==CN  ?KH=>ABL,  @57:>  CA;>6=O5BAO,

AB0=>28BAO B50B@0;87>20==K< 8 =0@>G8B>  MDD5:B=K<.  -B>  45;05BAO

>BG0AB8 A> A?5F80;L=>9 <8AA8>=5@A:>9 F5;LN:  ?@82;5:0BL  2  E@02, :>B>@K5 C65 =5 1K;8 >1J548=5=K  548=>-

4CH=>9 25@>9.

     ;02=K< 8AB>G=8:>< ;8BC@38G5A:>3> B2>@G5AB20 =0  MB><  MB0?5

AB0=>28BAO ?@842>@=K9 8@A:89 F5@5<>=80;. 870=B89A:0O  ;8-

BC@38O -  MB> 2 ?>;=>< A@A:0O ;8BC@38O,  ?>4@07C<5-

20NI0O 2:;NG5=85 2 687=L &5@:28 8@A:>3>  42>@0.  BAN40  -

>1@O4K ?@>F5AA89, A;>6=0O A8AB5<0 2E>4>2 8 2KE>4>2,  :>B>@K5  45-

;0NB 1>3>A;C65=85 1>;55 ?KH=K< 8 4@0<0B8G5A:8 2K@078B5;L=K<.

     ;O AF5?;5=8O 8 A:@5?;5=8O <564C A>1>9 @07@0AB0NI8EAO ;8BC@-

38G5A:8E AB@C:BC@  87>1@5B05BAO  <=>65AB2>  <5;:8E  ;8BC@38G5A:8E

M;5<5=B>2: 15AG8A;5==K5 AB8E8@K,  B@>?0@8  8  :>=40:8,  ?@>:8<=K,

8?0:>8, M:A0?>AB8;0@88 8 B.4. 7  MB8E  M;5<5=B>2  1C4CB  A:;04K-

20BLAO 3@0=48>7=K5 :>=AB@C:F88 A@54=525:>2KE :0=>=>2 8  ?>;85;59-

=KE A;C61.

     KH=> @0AF25B05B 38<=>3@0D8O 8 F5@:>2=>5 ?5=85, :>B>@>5 B0:-

65 ?>AB>O==> CA;>6=O5BAO.  2A5 MB>  2545B  70  A>1>9  CA;>6=5=85

?@54<5B=>-<0B5@80;L=>9  AB>@>=K  :C;LB0.  ;>O2;ONBAO   2AOG5A:85

?@54<5BK >1;0G5=8O, <8B@K, >@;5FK, @8?84K,  48:8@88  8  B@8:8@88.

;O  >?@0240=8O  B0:>3>  CA;>6=5=8O  87>1@5B0NBAO   A8<2>;8G5A:85

>1JOA=5=8O: <8B@0 - A8<2>; B5@=>2>3> 25=F0, @8?84K  -  7=0:8  0=-

35;LA:>3> A>A;C65=8O, 48:8@88 8 B@8:8@88 8<5NB E@8AB>;>38G5A:89 8

B@8=8B0@=K9 A1@07>< MB> =5 1K;> ?@>872>;L=>9  83@>9  D>@<0<8,  :0:

8=>340 ?>;030NB 38?5@:@8B8:8. 8BC@38G5A:85 A8<2>;K 8;;NAB@8@>20-

;8 E@8AB80=A:85 4>3<0BK, GB> 1K;> >A>15==> 206=> 2  ?5@8>4  25;8-

:8E 1>3>A;>2A:8E A?>@>2 IV-VIII 25:>2.

      -B>9 65 F5;8 A;C68B 1KAB@>5 @0728B85 F8:;0 25;8:8E ?@074=8-

:>2. AA;54CO 8AB>@8N @0745;5=8O (2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 IV 25:0) >-

3>O2;5=8O =0 420 ?@074=8:0,  >645AB2> %@8AB>2> 8 @5I5=85 >A?>4-

=5, C;L<0= 8 >BB >1=0@C68;8, GB> MB> 1K;> =5>1E>48<> 4;O ;CGH5-

3> CA2>5=8O 4>3<0B0 > >?;>I5=88 2 M?>EC 1>@L1K A  0@80=AB2><.  

:>=F5 IV 2. ?>O2;O5BAO ?5@2K9 1>3>@>48G=K9 ?@074=8: !@5B5=8O, 0 A

A5@548=K V 2. C65 ?@074=CNB #A?5=85 >3>@>48FK.

     > 2 MB>< ?>154=>< H5AB288 E@8AB80=AB20 1K;8 8 A2>8  >B@8F0-

B5;L=K5 8B>38:

     1. @5I5=85 ?5@5AB05B 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO :0:  B08=AB2>  2ABC?;5-

=8O 2 &5@:>2L, AB0=>28BAO B08=AB2>< ;8G=>3> >G8I5=8O. >B>-

385 (?> ?@8<5@C >=AB0=B8=0 5;8:>3>) >B:;04K20NB  53>  4>  A54KE

2>;>A.

     2. 2E0@8AB8O ?5@5AB05B 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO :0:  0:B  A0<>>ACI5A-

B2;5=8O &5@:28, AB0=>28BAO C65 B>;L:> 0:B>< ;8G=>3> 1;03>G5AB8O 8

?@8G0I5=85 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 @54:8<.

     3. 8BC@38O 8 1>3>A;C65=85 2>>1I5 ?5@5AB05B 1KBL ">1I8<  45-

;><", ?@8>1@5B05B E0@0:B5@ <8AB5@88, :>B>@0O >A2OI05B  ?@>D0==>5,

A>45;K205B 53> A2OI5==K<.

     4. >MB>A>25@H8B5;8" (:;8@8:8) 2A5 1>;55  >B45;ONB-

AO >B "B09=>?>B@518B5;59" (<8@O=). ;8@ C65 B>;L:> >A2OI05B  ?@>-

D0==KE <8@O=, 0 =5 A>18@05B 87 =8E &5@:>2L.

     5. A;8 2 ?5@2>E@8AB80=AB25 :064K9  :@5I5==K9  AB0=>28;AO  8

?>A2OI5==K< (25@=K<), B> ?@8 ?>3>;>2=>< 2870=B89A:>< :@5I5=88 8A-

B8==K< ?>A2OI5=85< AB0=>28BAO ?>AB02;5=85 2> A2OI5=AB2>.   <8@O-

=5 B0: 8 >AB0NBAO =5?>A2OI5==K<8 8 0;B0@L ?>AB5?5==>  70:@K205BAO

4;O =8E.

     6.  :>=F5 IV - =0G0;5 V  25:>2  2  MB><  0;B0@5  ?>O2;O5BAO

"?@>A:><848O, :0: A8<2>;8G5A:>5 4C1;8@>20=85 2E0@8AB88. -B>  A28-

45B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> 2>AB>G=0O 8BC@38O ?@52@0I05BAO 2  A8<2>-

;8G5A:CN <8AB5@8N.



       3@. @  "# '! '+  % !!""&/.



     K ?><=8<, GB> =0 ?@>BO65=88 ?5@2KE 42CE 25:>2  E@8AB80=AB20

;8BC@38G5A:85 <>;8B2K, E>BO 8 A;54>20;8 2  >?@545;5==><  ?>@O4:5,

=> 1K;8 82870F8>==K<8. %0@87<0B8G5A:89 ?0D>A ?@>@>:0,  0  70-

B5< 5?8A:>?0, ?> ACI5AB2C, :064K9 @07 B2>@8; =>2CN <>;8B2C,  E>BO

8 A>>B25BAB2CNICN <5AB=>1KG0N.

      > 2 III 25:5 E0@87<0B8G5A:>5 B2>@G5AB2>, A:><5B8@>20=-

=>5 <>=B0=8AB0<8, CABC?8;> <5AB>  D8:A8@>20==K<  D>@<0<.  !=0G0;0

MB> :>A=C;>AL B>;L:> 0=0D>@K (2E0@8AB8G5A:>3> :0=>=0), 0 70B5< 8

>AB0;L=KE M;5<5=B>2 8BC@388. =0 AB0;0 B25@45BL  8  70ABK20BL  2

A>>B25BAB288 A <5AB=>9 B@048F859.

      IV 25:5 2K40NI85AO BFK &5@:28  (A2BB.  8@8;;  5@CA0;8<-

A:89, 0A8;89 5;8:89, >0== ;0B>CAB 8 4@.) ?@8;>68;8 <=>3> B@C-

4>2 4;O C?>@O4>G820=8O MB8E <5AB=KE ;8BC@38G5A:8E G8=>2.    MB>,

:>=5G=>, ?@825;> : G5@572KG09=>9 48DD5@5=F80F88 0=0D>@  (>A>15==>

=0 >AB>:5).  >4=>9 B>;L:> 18AA8=88 (-D8>?88)  4>=K=5  8725AB=>

16 G8=>2.  C O:>28B>2 8 <0@>=8B>2 - >:>;>  65  0=0D>@!

      081>;55 A>25@H5==K5 >1@07FK ;8BC@38G5A:>3> B2>@G5AB20  1K-

;8 2?>A;54AB288 >4>1@5=K !>1>@0<8 8  =0720=K  8<5=0<8  2K40NI8EAO

0?>AB>;>2 8 >BF>2 &5@:28. "0: ?>O28;8AL 8BC@388 0?. 0:>20,  0?.

0@:0, 0?. $0445O, 8BC@388 A2BB. 0A8;8O 5;8:>3>,  >0==0  ;0-

B>CAB>3>, @83>@8O @3>, 8@8;;0 ;5:A0=4@B9A:>3>,  $5>4>@0

>?AC5AB89A:>3> 8 4065 5@5B8:>2 5AB>@8O 8 8>A:>@0.  B><,  =0A-

:>;L:> CA;>2=K ?>4>1=K5 =08<5=>20=8O, <>6=> AC48BL ?>  B>

>4=0 87 16 <5AB=KE 18AA8=A:8E 8BC@389 4;O ?CI59  206=>AB8  1K;0

?@8?8A0=0... A0<>9 >3>@>48F5 (>B>@0O =8:>340 2 18AA8=88 =5 1K-

;0!).

     0 0?045 B0:65 A;>68;>AL =5A:>;L:>  <5AB=KE  G8=>2:  8;0=-

A:0O 8BC@38O A2B. <2@>A8O, 0;;LA:0O 8BC@38O, >70@>2A:0O  8-

BC@38O 2 A?0=88. @0240, 2KA>:0O F5=B@0;870F8O  0?04=>9  &5@:28

?@825;0 : B> >=8 1KAB@> CABC?8;8  ?5@25=AB2>  3>A?>4AB2CN-

I59  89 5AA5.

     > 2 F5;><, IV-V 25:0 - MB> 27@K2 ;8BC@38G5A:>3>  @07=>>1@0-

78O. 1I55 G8A;> 0=0D>@, 4>H54H8E >B MB>3> 2@5<5=8 E>BO 1K 2  >B-

@K2:0E - >:>;> 100! ,  5AB5AB25==>,  2>7=8:05B  2>?@>A:  :0:  8E

:;0AA8D8F8@>20BL? @8G5< ?@028;L=> =0945==K9 :@8B5@89 :;0AA8D8:0-

F88 4>;65=:

     1) 1J548=OBL @>4AB25==K5 ;8BC@388 2 5AB5AB25==K5 3@C??K.

     2) 1JOA=OBL =0?@02;5=85 M2>;NF88 2=CB@8 :064>9 3@C??K.



0 @C1565 XIX-XX 25:>2 <=>385 2K40NI85AO  ;8BC@38ABK  @5H0;8  MBC

7040GC 8 =081>;55 C40G=CN :;0AA8D8:0F8N ?@54;>68; 0=3;89A:89  8A-

A;54>20B5;L  @09B<0=  (F.Brightman  "Liturgies    eastern    and

western", Oxford, 1896). !> <=>38<8,  :>=5G=>,  CB>G=5=8O<8,  >=0

4>68;0 4> =0H8E 4=59 8 A59G0A  B@8<  8AE>4=K5  ?@8=F8?K

MB>9 :;0AA8D8:0F88.

     @5645 2A53> 8BC@388 @0A?040NBAO =0  >AB>G=K5  8  0?04=K5

2>B ?> :0:><=8B5 87 ?5@2>9 ;5:F88, 8BC@38O :0: F5=B@ ACB>G=>-

3> 1>3>A;C651=>3> :@C30 A ?><>ILN @07;8G=KE ;8BC@38G5A:8E M;5<5=-

B>2 A2O7K205BAO A A54<8G=K< 8 3>4>2K< :@C30<8. > 2A5  MB8  87<5-

=O5AB>;LA:85  8  20=35;LA:85  GB5=8O,  0=0D>@K,

B@>?0@8 8 :>=40:8) A>A@54>B>G5=K 2 55  ?5@2>9  G0AB8.  !>1AB25==>

0=0D>@0 =0 >AB>:5 2>>1I5 8 2 @02>A;0288 2 G0AB=>AB8 2A5340 @0A-

A<0B@820;0AL :0: 2=52@5<5==0O 8 ?>B>  A0<8  <>;8B2K  2E0@8AB8G5A:>3>  :0=>=0    (=0?@8<5@,

Praefatio) 20@L8@>20;8AL 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ?@074=8:0, 2@5<5=8 F5@-

:>2=>3> 3>40 8 B.4.

     -B0 48=0<8G=>ABL ?@825;0 : B> 70?04=K5 :0=>=K (=0?@8-

<5@ 2  89, 0;;8:0=A:>9 8 >70@01A:>9  8BC@38OE)  ?@>4>;60;8

M2>;NF8>=8@>20BL C65 B>340, :>340 =0 1>;55 :>=A5@20B82=><  >AB>-

:5 M2>;NF8O 8E 402=> 70:>=G8;0AL. @8 MB><, 5A;8 =0 >AB>:5  M2>-

;NF8O 8BC@388 H;0 ?@58 2 AB>@>=C  CA;>6=5=8O,  B>  =0

0?045 1>;55 70<5B5= >1@0B=K9 ?@>F5AA: 2 AB>@>=C C?@>I5=8O 8 C=8-

D8:0F88 (2 @57C;LB0B5 G53> 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 >AB0;0AL  >4=0   8<5 B>3>, 5A;8 =0 >AB>:5 8BC@388 @072820;8AL  >@30=8-

G5A:8, B> =0 0?045 @5H0NI8< D0:B>@>< 1K;8 ;8BC@38G5A:85  @5D>@B45;L=KE @83> (+ 461)

5;0A8O (+496), A2B. @83>@8O 5;8:>3> (+604) 8 4@.

     A5 MB> 8 ?@825;> : 7=0G8B5;L=K< @07;8G8O< <564C >AB>:><  8

0?04><.  745AL A:070;AO B0:65  @07;8G=K9  <5=B0;8B5B  @8<;O=  8

3@5:>2. %0@0:B5@ B@572>;5?=>  2>?;>B8;AO  2

:@0B:8E 8 G5B:8E >@0F8OE ;0B8=A:>3>  @8BC0;0,  2  :>B>@KE  2A5340

8<55BAO 2 284C :>=:@5B=K9  ?;>4  <>;8B2K.  >AB>G=K9  <8AB8G5A:89

<5=B0;8B5B 2>?;>B8;AO 2 ?KH=KE 8 4@0<0B8G5A:8E D>@<0E  2E0@8AB8-

G5A:>3> :0=>=0, <>;8B2K :>B>@>3> =0?><8=0NB 2>72KH5==K5 38<=K.

     A5 MB8 2B>@>AB5?5==K5 @07;8G8O B0:65 A;54C5B CG8BK20BL  ?@8

A@02=5=88. > 8E =5  A;54C5B  ?@>B82>?>AB02;OBL.   07;8G8O  <564C

>AB>:>< 8 0?04>< 1K;8 2A5340, 8 2A5340 (?> :@09=59 <5@5 =0 ?@>-

BO65=88 I BKAOG5;5B8O) @0AA<0B@820;8AL :0: 2708<>4>?>;=5=8O, 0 =5

?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL. 8HL :>340 2>7>1;040;0  2B>@0O  B>G:0  7@5=8O,

?@>87>H5; @07@K2.

       "5?5@L 2A?><=8< 87  :0:8E  M;5<5=B>2  C  =0A  A:;04K205BAO

2E0@8AB8G5A:89 :0=>=. -B>: Praefatio (P), Sanctus (S), Anamnesis

(A), Epiclesis (E), 8 Jntercessia (J). "0: 2>B: 8<5==>  ?>A;54=89

M;5<5=B ( J - B.5. E>40B09AB25==0O <>;8B20 > &5@:28, > 2;0ABOE, >

682KE 8  C<5@H8E)  >:070;AO  3;02=K<  ?@87=0:><  2  :;0AA8D8:0F88

1>;LH8E ;8BC@38G5A:8E 3@C??. = =0E>48BAO:

      =0H8E   870=B89A:8E  8BC@38OE - =0 ?>A;54=5< <5AB5.

     ;5:A0=4@89A:8E -  <564C @5D0F859 8 !0=:BCA><.

       5A>?>B0< 8 -?8:;5A8A><.



      :>=5G=>< 8B>35 C =0A ?>;CG05BAO A;54CNI0O :;0AA8D8:0F8O:



                     @. "#  !"'+.



PSAEJ. "5@CA0;8-=B8>E89A:85 (870=B89A:85).

     @  I.  5@CA0;8AB>;LA:8E ?>AB0=>2;5=89.

          2. 8BC@38O 0?. 0:>20.

     @  II.=B8>E89A:85.

          1. 8BC@38O 0A8;8O 5;8:>3>.

          2. 8BC@38O >0==0 ;0B>CAB>3>.

          3. 8BC@38O @83>@8O @3>.



PJSAE. @III.%;5:A0=4@89A:85  (38?5BA:85).

          1. 8BC@38O 0?. 0@:0.

          2. 8BC@38O 8@8;;0 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3>.

          3. -D8>?A:85 8BC@388.



PSAJE. @IV. "5@A84A:85 (5A>?>B04>@0 >?AC5AB89A:>3>.

          3. 8BC@38O 5AB>@8O.



                      .@ "#  +.



     @I. " 870@01A:0O 8BC@38O.

          4. 0;;8:0=A:0O 8BC@38O.



     -B0 :;0AA8D8:0F8O ?>72>;O5B =0< ?@>A;548BL  M2>;NF8N  2=CB@8

:064>9 >B45;L=>9 3@C??K.  =865 4@>1=>  @0AA<>B@8<  MB>  =0

?@8<5@5 870=B89A:8E 8BC@389.



         4. @"# / (+% "!",!% !"."



     K C65 7=05< -D8>?A:89 872>4 MB>9 8BC@388, :>B>@K9  5ABL  2

20H8E E@5AB><0B8OE 8 70=8<05B B0< 2A53> 2  AB@0=8FK.  @8GQ<  2AO

0=0D>@0 C<5I05BAO 2 25 AB@>:. !E5<0 5Q: PAEJ. "!0=:BCA0" 5IQ =5B,

B.5. ?>-2848<> 459AB28B5;L=> A5@548=0  -  2B>@0O  ?>;>28=0

III 25:0.  A59G0A ?>A<>B@8< 2> GB> ?@52@0I05BAO MB0 65  8BC@38O

: :>=FC IV 25:0.

      "?>AB>;LA:8E ?>AB0=>2;5=8OE" MB0 8BC@38O  @0AA<0B@8205B-

AO 42064K. !=0G0;0 - 2 57-9 3;025 II :=838 - A>  AB>@>=K  2=5H=59

(:B> 345 AB>8B 8 :B> GB> 45;05B), ?@8GQ< >A=>2=>5 2=8<0=85  >1@0-

I5=> =0 ?@50=0D>@0;L=CN G0ABL. 0B5<  -  2  5-15  3;;.  VIII  :=.

40QBAO A0<> G8=>?>A;54>20=85 A  ?>;=K<  B5:AB><  2E0@8AB8G5A:>3>

:0=>=0.

      >1I5< >?8A0=88 =5?@8OB> ?>@060NB =0AB02;5=8O  :  480:>=0<,

:>B>@K5 4>;6=K A;548BL, GB>1K 65=I8=K =5 1>;B0;8,  0  !"?CABL  >=8

!A84OB, A>1;N40O <>;G0=85", " 02=K< >1@07>< 480:>=  4>;65=  =01;N-

!40BL 70 =0@>4><, GB>1K =8:B> =5  ?5@5H5?BK20;AO,  =5  4@5<0;,  =5

!A<5O;AO 8 =5 :820;..." !>25@H5==> OA=>, GB> MB> C65 =5 ?5@2>E@8A-

B80=5, 4;O :>B>@KE 2E0@8AB8O 1K;0 F5=B@>< 8 A< 687=8.  -B>B

1>;B0NI89, E8E8:0NI89 8 4@5<;NI89 2 E@0<5 =0@>4 - 2G5@0H=85 O7KG-

=8:8, 4;O :>B>@KE CG0AB85 2 =>2>< 3>AC40@AB25==>< :C;LB5 -  2A53>

;8HL >4=0 87 3@0640=A:8E >1O70==>AB59.

     '8=>?>A;54>20=85, >?8AK205<>5 A 5-9 3;02K VIII  :=838,  A;5-

4C5B =5?>A@54AB25==> 70 >?8A0=85< ?>AB02;5=8O 2> 5?8A:>?0 8 ?>B>-

20<8:

     3;.V"0 CB@> ?CABL ?>A04OB 53> ?@>G85 5?8A:>?K =0 ?@8=04;5-

!60I55 5, ?@825BAB2>202 53> F5;>20=85< > >A?>45. ,  ?>A-

!;5 GB5=8O 87 0:>=0 8 ?@>@>:>2 (B.5. 5BE>7025B=KE GB5=89), B0:-

!65 87 ?>A;0=89 =0H8E 8  45O=89  8  87  20=35;89,  @C:>?>;>65==K9

!?CABL ?@825BAB2C5B &5@:>2L A;>20<8:

     A?:";03>40BL >A?>40 =0H53> 8ACA0 %@8AB0 8 ;N1>2L >30  8

!BF0, 8 >1I5=85 !2. CE0 (1C45B)A> 2A5<8 20<8".(2 >@.,XIII,13).

     A0@>4+!" A> 4CE>< B2>8<".

>A;5 65 A53> ?@825BAB28O ?CABL >= 3>2>@8B :  =0@>4C  ?>CG5-

!=85, 0 ?> >:>=G0=88, :>340 2AB0=CB, 480:>=, 27>94O  =0  =5:>B>@>5

!2>72KH5=85 4>;65= 2>73;0A8BL: "0 =8:B> 87 A;CH0NI8E, 40 =8:B> 87

!=525@=KE".

     !;54>20B5;L=>, ?5@54 =0<8 AE5<0 >1KG=>3> A8=0:A8A0  8BC@388

>3;0H5==KE:

     1. 'B5=85 87 5BE>3> 025B0.

     2. 'B5=85 >A;0=89 8 5O=89 0?>AB>;LA:8E.

     3. 'B5=85 87 20=35;8O.

     4. ?>AB>;LA:>5 ?@825BAB285.

     5. @>?>254L.

     6. B?CA: >3;0H5==KE.



     <5AB5 A B5<, 2AQ C65 7=0G8B5;L=>  CA;>6=5=>.  >3;0H05;L:> @O7@O4>2, :>B>@K5 >B?CA:0NBAO  ?>

>B45;L=>AB8. 1 MB>< 6-O, 7-O 8 8-O 3;02K VIII :=838:

     3;. VI - !"><>;8B5AL >3;0H5==K5".

A5 25@=K5 B0:65 ?CABL <>;OBAO A> 2=8<0=85< > =8E, 3>2>@O

 - ">A?>48 ?><8;C9".

80:>= 65 ?@>4>;605B > =8E 3>2>@O:

 - "1 >3;0H5==KE 2A5 CA5@4=> ?><>;83C,  GB>1K  ,

!1;0389 8 G5;>25:>;N182K9... 70ABC?8; 8E 8 40; 8< ?@>H5=8O  A5@45F

!8E =0 ?>;L7C, >B:@K; 8< 20=35;85 %@8AB0 !2>53>, ?@>A25B8;  8E  8

!2@07C<8;, =0CG8; 8E 1>3>?>7=0=8N..." 8 B.4.

"...AB0=LB5 >3;0H5==K5. @>A8B5 <8@0 C >30,  G5@57  %@8AB0

!3>, <8@=>3> 8 1573@5H=>3> 4=O 8 2A53> 2@5<5=8 687=8 20H59, E@8A-

!B80=A:>9 A515 :>=G8=K, >B?CI5=8O 3@5E>2... 0:;>=8B5AL 8  ?@8<8B5

!1;03>A;>25=85".

     ".>.  C?>B@51;O5<0O =K=5 5:B5=8O >1  >3;0H5==KE

2 >A=>2=KE G0ABOE C65 AD>@<8@>20;0AL : :>=FC IV 25:0.

">340 65  >3;0H5==K5  =0:;>=OB  3>;>2K,  B>  @C:>?>;>65==K9

!5?8A:>? ?CABL 1;03>A;>28B 8E B0:8< 1;03>A;>25=85<:

 - ">65 A545@68B5;L, =5@>645==K9 8 =5?@8ABC?=K9..."

 >A;5 A53> 480:>= ?CABL A:065B: "3;0H5==K5, 2K948B5 2  <8-

!@5".  ?> 2KE>45 8E 3>2>@8B: "><>;8B5AL, >45@68 2A5 ?><>;8 =8E, GB>1K G5;>25:>;N182K9 >3  G5-

!@57 %@8AB0 70?@5B8; =5G8ABK< 8 7;K< 4CE0< 8 871028;  @01>2  A2>8E

!>B 2;0AB8 ?@>B82=8:0..."

     ;. VII ?@82>48B <>;8B2C 5?8A:>?0 >1 >45@683> 8 @0AE8B82H89 2A5 25I8  53>  (D.,  XII,

29)!, 402H89 =0< 2;0ABL =0ABC?0BL =0 7<59 8 A:>@?8>=>2, 8  =0  2AN

!A8;C 2@068N (:., X, 19)!... !K= 25;8:>3> BF0, 70?@5B8  7;K<  4C-

!E0< 8 87102L B2>@5=8O @C: "2>8E..."

     > 2KE>45 >45@68F54C@0 ?>2B>@O5BAO  =04  "?@>A25-

"I0573;0A>< 480:>=0:

"8:B> 87 =5<>3CI8E 40 =5 2E>48B! 4=8 25@=K5 ?@5:;>=8<  :>-

!;5=0, ?><>;83C G5@57 %@8AB0 3>:

 <8@5 8 1;03>A>AB>O=88 <8@0 8 A2OBKE &5@:259 ?><>;89 A5;5=A:>9 8 ?>AB>;LA:>9 &5@:28, >B :>=F>2 4> :>=-

!F>2 ACI59, ?><>;81K >A?>4L A>1;N40; 8 >E@0=8; 55 =5?>:>-

!;518<>N 4> :>=G8=K 25:0, >A=>20==CN =0 :0<=5, (D.,VII, 15)

     ! > 745H=59 A2OB>9 >1;0AB8 (B.5. F5@:>2=>9 5?8A:>?88) ?><>-

!;8. 745AL, 2 X 3;025 48< 8@=CN 8;8 5;8:CN 5:B5=8N,

:>B>@0O, :0: 8 5:B5=8O >1 >3;0H5==KE AD>@<8@>20;0AL B>65 2 IV 25-

:5.

     @>A8B5;L=0O 5:B5=8O AD>@<8@>20;0AL 2 A;54CNI5<  V  25:5,  0

!C3C10O - B>;L:> 2 X 25:5.

     >A;5 8@=>9 5:B5=88 5?8A:>? ?@>87=>A8B <>;8B2C XI 3;02K:

">A?>48 A545@68B5;L 2 2KA>:8E 682CI89, !2OBK9,  2>  A2OBKE

!?>G820NI89, 57=0G0;L=K9, ?@5?>402H89 =0< G5@57 %@8AB0  =0G0;>25-

!45=8O... !0< 8 B5?5@L ?@87@8 G5@57 53> =0 A85 AB04> "2>5  8  87-

!102L 53> >B 2AO:>3> =52545=8O 8 ;C:02AB20..."

     A80:: !"C45< 2=8<0B5;L=K".

     A?.: !"8@ >689 A> 2A5<8 20<8".

     A0@>4:" A> 4CE>< B2>8<".

     A80::!"@825BAB2C9B5  4@C3   4@C30    F5;>20=85<    A2OBK<"

( 8<.,XVI,16), B.5. ;>170=85 <8@0, :>B>@>5  A>25@H058AO  2  B0:><

?>@O4:5: :;8@8:8 ^#& 5?8A:>?0;  87 >3;0H5==KE...  0  =8:B>  ?@>B82

!:>3>-;81>! @O<> ?5@54 >A?>4><, AB>O A> AB@0E>< 8 B@5?5B><,  1C-

!45< ?@8=>A8BL".

     ".5. =0G8=05BAO @8=>H5=85:"480:>=K  4>;6=K  ?@8=5AB8  40@K

!5?8A:>?C : 65@B25==8:C.  ?@5A28B5@K ?CABL AB0=CB ?> ?@02CN 8  ?>

!;52CN AB>@>=K 5?8A:>?0, :0: 1K CG5=8:8, AB>OI85 ?@8 CG8B5;5.  20

!65 480:>=0 A B>9 8 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K 65@B25==8:0 ?CABL 45@60B  @8?8-

!4K 87 B>=:8E :>68F 8;8 87 ?02;8=L8E ?5@L52, 8  B8E>  >B3>=ONB  5N

!<0;5=L:8E ;5B0NI8E =0A5:>1K >=8 =5 ?>?0;8 2 G0H8..."



     ?>A;54AB28 @8?84K A45;0NBAO A8<2>;8G5A:8<8  :@K;LO<8  0=35-

;>2, A5@0D8<>2 8 E5@C28<>2. @8GQ< 2>7=8:05B  A?5F80;L=0O  "%5@C-

28 2@53> 2E>40. !0<> 65 ?@8=>H5=85 2 @0-

2>A;0288 @0742>8BAO =0 @>A:><848N (?@83>B>2;5=85 40@>2) 8  5;8-

:89 2E>4 (?5@5=>A 8E =0 ?@5AB>; 8 ?><8=>25=85).  C :0B>;8:>2 >A-

B0=5BAO 1>;55 4@52=89 8 F5;L=K9 ?>@O4>:.



            6. @$   "!",!% !"/%".



     !@07C ?>A;5 @8=>H5=8O 2 XII 3;. A;54C5B 87;>65=85 =0D>@K:

     A?.+!" ;03>40@8BL A545@68B5;O >30 8 ;N1>2L >A?>40  =0H5-

!3> 8ACA0 %@8AB0 8 >1I5=85 !2. CE0 - A> 2A5<8 20<8.

     A0@>4: !" A> 4CE>< B2>8<".

     A?.+!">@5 C<".

     A0@>4: !"<55< :> >A?>4C".

     A?.: !"C45< 1;03>40@8BL >A?>40".

     A0@>4: !">AB>9=> 8 A?@0254;82>".

     A?.:">8AB8=5 4>AB>9=> 8 A?@0254;82>, ?@5645 2A53>,  2>A?5-

!20BL B51O, 8AB8==> ACI53> >30, ACI5AB2CNI53> ?@5645  2AO:8E  ?>-

!@>645=89... 548=>3>, =5@>645==>3> 8 157=0G0;L=>3>..." 8 B.4.

     -B> C65 @5D0F8O, B.5. 1;03>40@AB25==0O <>;8B20, :>B>@>9 >B-

:@K205BAO 2E0@8AB8G5A:89 :0=>=.  =0  >3@><=0.  =0  2  23  @070

1>;LH5 @5D0F88 -D8>?A:>3> 872>40 8 2 5  @07  ?@52KH05B  @5D0F8N

8BC@388 0A8;8O 5;8:>3> (!). Q 1;03>40@5=85 >E20BK205B 2AN 8A-

B>@8N "2>@5=8O 8 2A5 1;03>45O=8O >688, 8725AB=K5 87 5BE>3>  0-

25B0. <(?@>G5ABL A:>;L:> ?>72>;O5B 2@5

     -B0 <>;8B20 B@048F8>==K< ?CBQ< (B.5. G5@57 C?><8=0=85  0=35-

;>2) ?5@5E>48B 2 !0=:BCA. 0B5<  A;54C5B  =0<=5A8A  A  CAB0=>28-

B5;L=K<8 A;>20<8, -?8:;5A8A, :>B>@K9 ?@>A8B > =8A?>A;0=88 CE0  8

=B5@F5AA8O.

     -B> B>B ?>@O4>:, :>B>@>20BL  2A5  5@CA0;8<-

A:>-=B8>E89A:85 (870=B89A:85) 8BC@388. <5AB5 A B5< 5Q 25;8G8-

=0 8 ?5@53@C65==>ABL 45B0;O<8 15A?@5F545=B=0 8 ?>GB8 =5>1JOA=8<0.

     ".5. OA=>, GB> 745AL C65 =5B 0?>AB>;LA:>9 ?@>AB>BK, =5B M;5-

<5=B0@=>3> 2:CA0 8 <5@K. 0:85-B>  2870=B89A:85  @5D>@<0B>@K  ?K-

B0NBAO ?>4@060BL ?A0;<0<, => 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?>;CG05BAO =5GB>  2@>45

181;59A:>3> :>=0.  <>65B 1KBL MB> 4;O  B>3>

8 A45;0=>, GB>1K 4065 2E0@8AB8G5A:89 :0=>= 8A?>;L7>20BL 2  F5;OE

:0B5E870B>@A:8E, B.5. CG51=KE? "0: 4C<05B, =0?@8<5@,  @0115.  >

:@09=59 <5@5, MB> >G5=L E0@0:B5@=0O 4;O  870=B88,  =>  =5C40G=0O

?>?KB:0.

     >=OB=>, GB> 8BC@38O A B0:8< 8A:CAB25==K< 8 3@><04=K< 0=>-

=>< =5 <>3;0 C45@60BLAO 2 8AB>@88. 065 =0 ?@>BO65=88 IV 25:0  48< =8 >4=>3> A2845B5;LAB20 >1 5Q A>25@H5=88.  =>385  ;8-

BC@38ABK AG8B0NB, GB> >=0 B0: 8 >AB0;0AL =0 1C<035, =5  1C4CG8  2

A8;0E :>=:C@8@>20BL A 1>;55 A>25@H5==K<8 8BC@38O<8  0?.  0:>20,

0A8;8O 5;8:>3> 8 >0==0 ;0B>CAB>3>.  =8E - 2 A;54CNI59 ;5:F88.

1XU

A*.FRML¤I»KA"D¤¤B,K$·%$W.PQ   C:\MDE\ALIMOV\MLA.WD A*.FRM|1 +Uu)6INJ!w)@